Artha (अर्थ).—[In some of its senses from arth; in others from ṛ-than Uṇādi-sūtra 2.4; arthate hyasau arthibhiḥ Nir.]

1) Object, purpose, end and aim; wish, desire; ज्ञातार्थो ज्ञातसंबन्धः श्रोतुं श्रोता प्रवर्तते, सिद्ध°, °परिपन्थी (jñātārtho jñātasaṃbandhaḥ śrotuṃ śrotā pravartate, siddha°, °paripanthī) Mu.5; °वशात् (vaśāt) 5.8; स्मर्तव्योऽस्मि सत्यर्थे (smartavyo'smi satyarthe) Daśakumāracarita 117 if it be necessary; Y.2.46; M.4.6; oft. used in this sense as the last member of compounds and translated by 'for', 'intended for', 'for the sake of', 'on account of', 'on behalf of', and used like an adj. to qualify nouns; अर्थेन तु नित्य- समासो विशेष्यनिघ्रता च (arthena tu nitya- samāso viśeṣyanighratā ca) Vārt.; सन्तानार्थाय विधये (santānārthāya vidhaye) R.1.34; तां देवतापित्रतिथिक्रियार्थाम् (tāṃ devatāpitratithikriyārthām) (dhenum) 2.16; द्विजार्था यवागूः (dvijārthā yavāgūḥ) Sk.; यज्ञार्थात्कर्मणोऽन्यत्र (yajñārthātkarmaṇo'nyatra) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 3.9. It mostly occurs in this sense as अर्थम्, अर्थे (artham, arthe) or अर्थाय (arthāya) and has an adverbial force; (a) किमर्थम् (kimartham) for what purpose, why; यदर्थम् (yadartham) for whom or which; वेलोपलक्षणार्थम् (velopalakṣaṇārtham) Ś.4; तद्दर्शनादभूच्छम्भोर्भूयान्दारार्थ- मादरः (taddarśanādabhūcchambhorbhūyāndārārtha- mādaraḥ) Kumārasambhava 6.13; (b) परार्थे प्राज्ञ उत्सृजेत् (parārthe prājña utsṛjet) H.1.41; गवार्थे ब्राह्मणार्थे च (gavārthe brāhmaṇārthe ca) Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1.42; मदर्थे त्यक्तजीविताः (madarthe tyaktajīvitāḥ) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 1.9; (c) सुखार्थाय (sukhārthāya) Pañcatantra (Bombay) 4.18; प्रत्याख्याता मया तत्र नलस्यार्थाय देवताः (pratyākhyātā mayā tatra nalasyārthāya devatāḥ) Nala.13.19; ऋतुपर्णस्य चार्थाय (ṛtuparṇasya cārthāya) 23.9.

2) Cause, motive, reason, ground, means; अलुप्तश्च मुनेः क्रियार्थः (aluptaśca muneḥ kriyārthaḥ) R. 2.55 means or cause; अतोऽर्थात् (ato'rthāt) Manusmṛti 2.213.

3) Meaning, sense, signification, import; अर्थ (artha) is of 3 kinds:-- वाच्य (vācya) or expressed, लक्ष्य (lakṣya) or indicated (secondary), and व्यङ्ग्य (vyaṅgya) or suggested; तददोषौ शब्दार्थौ (tadadoṣau śabdārthau) K. P.1; अर्थो वाच्यश्च लक्ष्यश्च व्यङ्ग्यश्चेति त्रिधा मतः (artho vācyaśca lakṣyaśca vyaṅgyaśceti tridhā mataḥ) S. D.2; वागर्थाविव (vāgarthāviva) R.1.1; अवेक्ष्य धातोर्गमनार्थमर्थवित् (avekṣya dhātorgamanārthamarthavit) 3.21.

4) A thing, object, substance; लक्ष्मणोऽर्थं ततः श्रुत्वा (lakṣmaṇo'rthaṃ tataḥ śrutvā) Rām.7.46.18; अर्थो हि कन्या परकीय एव (artho hi kanyā parakīya eva) Ś.4.22; that which can be perceived by the senses, an object of sense; इन्द्रिय° (indriya°) H.1.146; Kumārasambhava 7.71; R.2.51; न निर्बद्धा उपसर्गा अर्थान्निराहुः (na nirbaddhā upasargā arthānnirāhuḥ) Nir.; इन्द्रियेभ्यः परा ह्यर्था अर्थेभ्यश्च परं मनः (indriyebhyaḥ parā hyarthā arthebhyaśca paraṃ manaḥ) Kaṭh. (the objects of sense are five : rūpa, rasa, gandha, sparśa and śabda); शब्दः स्पर्शो रसो गन्धो रूपं चेत्यर्थजातयः (śabdaḥ sparśo raso gandho rūpaṃ cetyarthajātayaḥ) Bhāgavata 11.22.16.

5) (a) An affair, business, matter, work; प्राक् प्रतिपन्नोऽयमर्थोऽ- ङ्गराजाय (prāk pratipanno'yamartho'- ṅgarājāya) Ve.3; अर्थोऽयमर्थान्तरभाव्य एव (artho'yamarthāntarabhāvya eva) Kumārasambhava 3.18; अर्थोऽर्था- नुबन्धी (artho'rthā- nubandhī) Daśakumāracarita 67; सङ्गीतार्थः (saṅgītārthaḥ) Meghadūta 66 business of singing i. e. musical concert (apparatus of singing); सन्देशार्थाः (sandeśārthāḥ) Me. 5 matters of message, i. e. messages; (b) Interest, object; स्वार्थसाधनतत्परः (svārthasādhanatatparaḥ) Manusmṛti 4.196; द्वयमेवार्थसाधनम् (dvayamevārthasādhanam) R.1. 19;2.21; दुरापेऽर्थे (durāpe'rthe) 1.72; सर्वार्थचिन्तकः (sarvārthacintakaḥ) Manusmṛti 7.121; माल- विकायां न मे कश्चिदर्थः (māla- vikāyāṃ na me kaścidarthaḥ) M.3 I have no interest in M. (c) Subject-matter, contents (as of letters &c.); त्वामव- गतार्थं करिष्यति (tvāmava- gatārthaṃ kariṣyati) Mu.1 will acquaint you with the matter; उत्तरोऽयं लेखार्थः (uttaro'yaṃ lekhārthaḥ) ibid.; तेन हि अस्य गृहीतार्था भवामि (tena hi asya gṛhītārthā bhavāmi) V.2 if so I should know its contents; ननु परिगृहीतार्थोऽ- स्मि कृतो भवता (nanu parigṛhītārtho'- smi kṛto bhavatā) V.5; तया भवतोऽविनयमन्तरेण परिगृहीतार्था कृता देवी (tayā bhavato'vinayamantareṇa parigṛhītārthā kṛtā devī) M.4 made acquainted with; त्वया गृहीतार्थया अत्रभवती कथं न वारिता (tvayā gṛhītārthayā atrabhavatī kathaṃ na vāritā) 3; अगृहीतार्थे आवाम् (agṛhītārthe āvām) Ś.6; इति पौरान् गृहीतार्थान् कृत्वा (iti paurān gṛhītārthān kṛtvā) ibid.

6) Wealth, riches, property, money (said to be of 3 kinds : śukla honestly got; śabala got by more or less doubtful means, and kṛṣṇa dishonestly got;) त्यागाय संभृतार्थानाम् (tyāgāya saṃbhṛtārthānām) R.1.7; धिगर्थाः कष्टसंश्रयाः (dhigarthāḥ kaṣṭasaṃśrayāḥ) Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1.163; अर्थानामर्जने दुःखम् (arthānāmarjane duḥkham) ibid.; सस्यार्थास्तस्य मित्राणि (sasyārthāstasya mitrāṇi)1.3; तेषामर्थे नियुञ्जीत शूरान् दक्षान् कुलोद्गतान् (teṣāmarthe niyuñjīta śūrān dakṣān kulodgatān) Manusmṛti 7.62.

7) Attainment of riches or worldly prosperity, regarded as one of the four ends of human existence, the other three being धर्म, काम (dharma, kāma) and मोक्ष (mokṣa); with अर्थ (artha) and काम, धर्म (kāma, dharma) forms the well-known triad; cf. Kumārasambhava 5.38; अप्यर्थकामौ तस्यास्तां धर्म एव मनीषिणः (apyarthakāmau tasyāstāṃ dharma eva manīṣiṇaḥ) R.1.25.

8) (a) Use, advantage, profit, good; तथा हि सर्वे तस्यासन् परार्थैकफला गुणाः (tathā hi sarve tasyāsan parārthaikaphalā guṇāḥ) R.1.29 for the good of others; अर्थान- र्थावुभौ बुद्ध्वा (arthāna- rthāvubhau buddhvā) Manusmṛti 8.24 good and evil; क्षेत्रिणामर्थः (kṣetriṇāmarthaḥ) 9.52; यावानर्थ उदपाने सर्वतः सांप्लुतोदके (yāvānartha udapāne sarvataḥ sāṃplutodake) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 2.46; also व्यर्थ, निरर्थक (vyartha, nirarthaka) q. v. (b) Use, want, need, concern, with instr.; कोऽर्थः पुत्रेण जातेन (ko'rthaḥ putreṇa jātena) Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1 what is the use of a son being born; कश्च तेनार्थः (kaśca tenārthaḥ) Daśakumāracarita 59; कोऽर्थस्तिरश्चां गुणैः (ko'rthastiraścāṃ guṇaiḥ) Pañcatantra (Bombay) 2.33 what do brutes care for merits; Bhartṛhari 2.48; योग्येनार्थः कस्य न स्याज्ज- नेन (yogyenārthaḥ kasya na syājja- nena) Ś.18.66; नैव तस्य कृतेनार्थो नाकृतेनेह कश्चन (naiva tasya kṛtenārtho nākṛteneha kaścana) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 3.18; यदि प्राणैरिहार्थो वो निवर्तध्वम् (yadi prāṇairihārtho vo nivartadhvam) Rām. को नु मे जीवितेनार्थः (ko nu me jīvitenārthaḥ) Nala.12. 65.

9) Asking, begging; request, suit, petition.

1) Action, plaint (in law); अर्थ विरागाः पश्यन्ति (artha virāgāḥ paśyanti) Rām.2.1. 58; असाक्षिकेषु त्वर्थेषु (asākṣikeṣu tvartheṣu) Manusmṛti 8.19.

11) The actual state, fact of the matter; as in यथार्थ, अर्थतः, °तत्वविद्, यदर्थेन विनामुष्य पुंस आत्मविपर्ययः (yathārtha, arthataḥ, °tatvavid, yadarthena vināmuṣya puṃsa ātmaviparyayaḥ) Bhāgavata 3.7.1.

12) Manner, kind, sort.

13) Prevention, warding off; मशकार्थो धूमः (maśakārtho dhūmaḥ); prohibition, abolition (this meaning may also be derived from 1 above).

14) Price (perhaps an incorrect form for argha).

15) Fruit, result (phalam). तस्य नानुभवेदर्थं यस्य हेतोः स रोपितः (tasya nānubhavedarthaṃ yasya hetoḥ sa ropitaḥ) Rām.6.128.7; Mahābhārata (Bombay) 12.175.5.

16) Name of a son of धर्म (dharma).

17) The second place from the लग्न (lagna) (in astr.).

18) Name of Viṣṇu.

19) The category called अपूर्व (apūrva) (in pūrvamīmāṃsā); अर्थ इति अपूर्वं ब्रूमः (artha iti apūrvaṃ brūmaḥ) | ŚB. on MS.7.1.2.

2) Force (of a statement or an expression); अर्थाच्च सामर्थ्याच्च क्रमो विधीयते (arthācca sāmarthyācca kramo vidhīyate) | ŚB. on MS.5.1.2. [अर्थात् (arthāt) = by implication].

21) The need, purpose, sense; व्यवधानादर्थो बलीयान् (vyavadhānādartho balīyān) | ŚB. on MS.6.4.23.

22) Capacity, power; अर्थाद्वा कल्पनैकदेशत्वात् (arthādvā kalpanaikadeśatvāt) | Manusmṛti 1.4.3 (where Śabara paraphrases arthāt by sāmarthyāt and states the rule: ākhyātānāmarthaṃ bruvatāṃ śaktiḥ sahakāriṇī |), cf. अर्थोऽभिधेयरैवस्तुप्रयोजननिवृत्तिषु । मोक्षकारणयोश्च (artho'bhidheyaraivastuprayojananivṛttiṣu | mokṣakāraṇayośca)...... Nm.

Derivable forms: arthaḥ (अर्थः).

Rasa (रस).—[ras-ac]

1) Sap, juice (of trees); इक्षुरसः, कुसुमरसः (ikṣurasaḥ, kusumarasaḥ) &c.

2) A liquid, fluid; यष्टव्यं पशुभिर्मुख्यैरथो बीजै रसैरिति (yaṣṭavyaṃ paśubhirmukhyairatho bījai rasairiti) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 14.91.21; न्यस्ताक्षरा धातुरसेन यत्र (nyastākṣarā dhāturasena yatra) Kumārasambhava 1.7.

3) Water; सहस्रगुणमुत्स्रष्टुमादत्ते हि रसं रविः (sahasraguṇamutsraṣṭumādatte hi rasaṃ raviḥ) R.1.18; Bv.2.144.

4) Liquor, drink; Manusmṛti 2.177.

5) A draught, potion.

6) Taste, flavour, relish (fig. also) (considered in Vaiś. phil. as one of the 24 gunas; the rasas are six; kaṭu, amla, madhura, lavaṇa, tikta and kaṣāya); परायत्तः प्रीतेः कथ- मिव रसं वेत्तु पुरुषः (parāyattaḥ prīteḥ katha- miva rasaṃ vettu puruṣaḥ) Mu.3.4; Uttararāmacarita 2.2.

7) A sauce, condiment,

8) An object of taste; मनो बबन्धान्यरसान् विलङ्ध्य सा (mano babandhānyarasān vilaṅdhya sā) R.3.4.

9) Taste or inclination for a thing, liking, desire; रसवर्जं रसोऽप्यस्य परं दृष्ट्वा निवर्तते (rasavarjaṃ raso'pyasya paraṃ dṛṣṭvā nivartate) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 2.59; इष्टे वस्तुन्युपचितरसाः प्रेमराशीभवन्ति (iṣṭe vastunyupacitarasāḥ premarāśībhavanti) Meghadūta 114.

1) Love, affection; जरसा यस्मिन्नहार्यो रसः (jarasā yasminnahāryo rasaḥ) Uttararāmacarita 1.39; प्रसरति रसो निर्वृतिघनः (prasarati raso nirvṛtighanaḥ) 6.11 'feeling of love'; रसादृते (rasādṛte) V.2.21; Ku. 3.37.

11) Pleasure, delight, happiness; चिरात्सुतस्पर्श- रसज्ञतां ययौ (cirātsutasparśa- rasajñatāṃ yayau) R.3.26.

12) Charm, interest, elegance, beauty.

13) Pathos, emotion, feeling.

14) (In poetic compositions) A sentiment; नवरसरुचिरां निर्मितिमादधती भारती कवेर्जयति (navarasarucirāṃ nirmitimādadhatī bhāratī kaverjayati); K. P.1. (The rasas are usually eight :-- śṛṅgārahāsyakaruṇaraudravīrabhayānakāḥ | bhībhatsādbhutasaṃjñau cetyaṣṭau nāṭye rasāḥ smṛtāḥ || but sometimes śāntarasa is added; thus making the total number 9; nirvedasthāyibhāvo'sti śānto'pi navamo rasaḥ K. P.4; sometimes a tenth, vātsalyarasa, is also added. Rasas are more or less a necessary factor of every poetic composition, but, according to Viśvanātha, they constitute the very essence of poetry; vākyaṃ rasātmakaṃ kāvyam S. D.3.).

15) Essence, pith, best part; ब्रह्म तेजोमयं शुक्रं यस्य सर्वमिदं रसः (brahma tejomayaṃ śukraṃ yasya sarvamidaṃ rasaḥ)Mahābhārata (Bombay) 12.24.9.

16) A constituent fluid of the body.

17) Semen virile.

18) Mercury.

19) A poison, poisonous drink; as in तीक्ष्णरस- दायिनः (tīkṣṇarasa- dāyinaḥ); रसविधानकौशलैः (rasavidhānakauśalaiḥ) Daśakumāracarita 2.8.

2) Any mineral metallic salt.

21) Juice of the sugar-cane.

22) Milk.

23) Melted butter.

24) Nectar; मयः कूपरसेऽक्षिपत् (mayaḥ kūparase'kṣipat) Bhāgavata 7.1.59-6.

25) Soup, broth.

26) A symbolical expression for the number 'six'.

27) Green onion.

28) Myrrh.

29) Gold.

3) A metal in a state of fusion.

31) See रसातल (rasātala); अनेन नूनं वेदानां कृतमाहरणं रसात् (anena nūnaṃ vedānāṃ kṛtamāharaṇaṃ rasāt) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 12.347.67.

32) The tongue (as the organ of taste); वाण्यां च छन्दांसि रसे जलेशम् (vāṇyāṃ ca chandāṃsi rase jaleśam) Bhāgavata 8.2.27; जितं सर्वं जिते रसे (jitaṃ sarvaṃ jite rase) 11.8.21.

33) (With Vaiṣṇavas.) Disposition of the heart or mind (the five Rasas are śānti, dāsya, sākhya, vātsalya and mādhurya).

Derivable forms: rasaḥ (रसः).

Deva (देव).—a. (-vī f.) [दिव्-अच् (div-ac)]

1) Divine, celestial; Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 11. 11; Manusmṛti 12.117.

2) Shining; यज्ञस्य देवमृत्विजम् (yajñasya devamṛtvijam) Ṛgveda 1.1.1.

3) Fit to be worshipped or honoured.

-vaḥ 1 A god, deity; एको देवः केशवो वा शिवो वा (eko devaḥ keśavo vā śivo vā) Bhartṛhari 3.12.

2) (a) The god of rain, an epithet of Indra; as in द्वादश वर्षाणि देवो न ववर्ष (dvādaśa varṣāṇi devo na vavarṣa); अवर्षयद्देवः (avarṣayaddevaḥ) Rām.1.9.18; काले च देशे च प्रववर्ष देवः (kāle ca deśe ca pravavarṣa devaḥ) Bu. Ch.2.7. (b) A cloud.

3) A divine man, Brāhmaṇa, as in भूदेव (bhūdeva).

4) A king, ruler, as in मनुष्यदेव (manuṣyadeva); तां देवसमितिं (tāṃ devasamitiṃ) (abhyā- gacchat) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 3.13.22.

5) A title affixed to the names of Bārhmaṇas; as in गोविन्ददेव, पुरुषोत्तमदेव (govindadeva, puruṣottamadeva) &c.

6) (In dramas) A title of honour used in addressing a king, ('My lord', 'Your majesty'); ततश्च देव (tataśca deva) Ve.4; यथाज्ञापयति देवः (yathājñāpayati devaḥ) &c.

7) Quicksilver.

8) The Supreme Spirit; हित्वा च देहं प्रविशन्ति देवं दिवौकसो द्यामिव पार्थ सांख्याः (hitvā ca dehaṃ praviśanti devaṃ divaukaso dyāmiva pārtha sāṃkhyāḥ) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 12.31.112.

9) A fool

1) A child.

11) A man following any particular business.

12) A lover.

13) Emulation.

14) Sport, play.

15) A husband's brother (cf. devṛ, devara).

16) A lancer.

-vam An organ of sense; देवानां प्रभवो देवो मनसश्च त्रिलोककृत् (devānāṃ prabhavo devo manasaśca trilokakṛt) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 14.41.3. [cf. L. deus; Gr. deos.].

1) The soul, the individual soul, the breath, the principle of life and sensation; किमात्मना यो न जितेन्द्रियो भवेत् (kimātmanā yo na jitendriyo bhavet) H.1; आत्मानं रथिनं विद्धि शरीरं रथमेव तु (ātmānaṃ rathinaṃ viddhi śarīraṃ rathameva tu) Kaṭh.3.3. (In ātmā nadī saṃyamapuṇyatīrthā H.4.87 ātman is compared to a river).

2) Self, oneself; in this sense mostly used reflexively for all three persons and in the singular number, masculine gender, whatever be the gender or number of the noun to which it refers; अनया चिन्तयात्मापि मे न प्रतिभाति (anayā cintayātmāpi me na pratibhāti) Ratnāvalī 1; आश्रमदर्श- नेन आत्मानं पुनीमहे (āśramadarśa- nena ātmānaṃ punīmahe) Ś.1; गुप्तं ददृशुरात्मानं सर्वाः स्वप्नेषु वामनैः (guptaṃ dadṛśurātmānaṃ sarvāḥ svapneṣu vāmanaiḥ) R.1.6,4.35,14.57; Kumārasambhava 6.2; देवी (devī)... प्राप्तप्रसवमात्मानं गङ्गादेव्यां विमुञ्चति (prāptaprasavamātmānaṃ gaṅgādevyāṃ vimuñcati) Uttararāmacarita 7.2; गोपायन्ति कुलस्त्रिय आत्मानमात्मना (gopāyanti kulastriya ātmānamātmanā) Mb.; K.17; sometimes used in pl. also; आत्मनः स्तुवन्ति (ātmanaḥ stuvanti) Śiśupālavadha 17.19; Mālatīmādhava (Bombay) 8.

3) Supreme deity and soul of the universe, Supreme Soul, Brahman; तस्माद्वा एतस्मादात्मन आकाशः संभूतः (tasmādvā etasmādātmana ākāśaḥ saṃbhūtaḥ) T. Up.2.1.1; Manusmṛti 1.15,12.24.

4) Essence, nature; काव्यस्यात्मा ध्वनिः (kāvyasyātmā dhvaniḥ) S. D., see आत्मक (ātmaka) below.

5) Character, peculiarity; आत्मा यक्ष्मस्य नश्यति (ātmā yakṣmasya naśyati) Ṛgveda 1. 97.11.

6) The natural temperament or disposition; Bhāgavata 11.22.2.

7) The person or whole body (considered as one and opposed to the separate members of it); स्थितः सर्वोन्नतेनोर्वीं क्रान्त्वा मेरुरिवात्मना (sthitaḥ sarvonnatenorvīṃ krāntvā merurivātmanā) R.1.14; योस्या- त्मनः कारयिता (yosyā- tmanaḥ kārayitā) Manusmṛti 12.12; Kirātārjunīya 9.66.

8) Mind, intellect; मन्दात्मन्, नष्टात्मन्, महात्मन् (mandātman, naṣṭātman, mahātman) &c. अथ रामः प्रसन्नात्मा श्रुत्वा वायु- सुतस्य ह (atha rāmaḥ prasannātmā śrutvā vāyu- sutasya ha) Rām.6.18.1.

9) The understanding; cf. आत्म- संपन्न, आत्मवत् (ātma- saṃpanna, ātmavat) &c.

1) Thinking faculty, the faculty of thought and reason.

11) Spirit, vitality, courage; त्यक्त्वाऽऽत्मानमथाब्रवीत् (tyaktvā''tmānamathābravīt) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 12.18.6.

12) Form, image; आत्मानमाधाय (ātmānamādhāya) Kumārasambhava 3.24 assuming his own form; 2.61; संरोपितेऽप्यात्मनि (saṃropite'pyātmani) Ś.6.24 myself being implanted in her.

13) A son; 'आत्मा वै पुत्रनामासि (ātmā vai putranāmāsi)' इति श्रुतेः । तस्यात्मा शितिकण्ठस्य (iti śruteḥ | tasyātmā śitikaṇṭhasya) Śiśupālavadha 2.61.

14) Care, efforts, pain.

15) The sun.

16) Fire.

17) Wind, air.

18) Mental quality; बाहुश्रुत्यं तपस्त्यागः श्रद्धा यज्ञक्रिया क्षमा । भावशुद्धिर्दया सत्यं संयमश्चात्मसंपदः (bāhuśrutyaṃ tapastyāgaḥ śraddhā yajñakriyā kṣamā | bhāvaśuddhirdayā satyaṃ saṃyamaścātmasaṃpadaḥ) || Mahābhārata (Bombay) 12.167.5. आत्मन् (ātman) is used as the last member of comp. in the sense of 'made or consisting of'; see आत्मक (ātmaka). The form त्मन् (tman) is also found to be used; कृतार्थं मन्यते त्मानं (kṛtārthaṃ manyate tmānaṃ) Mb. [cf. Gr. atmos, aitmen]

Loka (लोक).—[lokyate'sau lok-ghañ]

1) The world, a division of the universe; (roughly speaking there are three lokas svarga, pṛthvī and pātāla, but according to fuller classification the lokas are fourteen, seven higher regions rising from the earth one above the other, i. e. bhūrloka, bhuvarloka, svarloka, maharloka, janarloka, taparloka, and satyaloka or brahmaloka; and seven lower regions, descending from the earth one below the other; i. e. atala, vitala, sutala, rasātala, talātala, mahātala, and pātāla).

2) The earth, terrestrial world (bhūloka); इह- लोके (iha- loke) in this world (opp. paratra).

3) The human race, mankind, men, as in लोकातिग, लोकोत्तर (lokātiga, lokottara) &c. q. v.

4) The people or subjects (opp. the king); स्वसुखनिरभिलाषः खिद्यसे लोकहेतोः (svasukhanirabhilāṣaḥ khidyase lokahetoḥ) Ś.5.7; R.4.8.

5) A collection, group, class, company; आकृष्टलीलान् नरलोकपालान् (ākṛṣṭalīlān naralokapālān) R.6.1; or शशाम तेन क्षितिपाल- लोकः (śaśāma tena kṣitipāla- lokaḥ) 7.3.

6) A region, tract, district, province.

7) Common life, ordinary practice (of the world); लोकवत्तु लीलाकैवल्यम् (lokavattu līlākaivalyam) Br. Sūt.II.1.33; यथा लोके कस्यचिदाप्तैषणस्य राज्ञः (yathā loke kasyacidāptaiṣaṇasya rājñaḥ) &c. S. B. (and diverse other places of the same work).

8) Common or worldly usage (opp. Vedic usage or idiom); वेदोक्ता वैदिकाः शब्दाः सिद्धा लोकाच्च लौकिकाः, प्रियतद्धिता दाक्षिणात्या यथा लोके वेदे चेति प्रयोक्तव्ये यथा लौकिक- वैदिकेष्विति प्रयुञ्जते (vedoktā vaidikāḥ śabdāḥ siddhā lokācca laukikāḥ, priyataddhitā dākṣiṇātyā yathā loke vede ceti prayoktavye yathā laukika- vaidikeṣviti prayuñjate) Mahābhārata (and in diverse other places); अतोऽस्मि लोके वेदे च प्रथितः पुरुषोत्तमः (ato'smi loke vede ca prathitaḥ puruṣottamaḥ) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 15.18.

9) Sight, looking.

1) The number 'seven', or 'fourteen'.

11) Ved. Open space; space, room.

12) One's own nature (nijasvarūpa); नष्टस्मृतिः पुनरयं प्रवृणीत लोकम् (naṣṭasmṛtiḥ punarayaṃ pravṛṇīta lokam) Bhāgavata 3. 31.15.

13) Enlightenment (prakāśa); इच्छामि कालेन न यस्य विप्लवस्तस्यात्मलोकावरणस्य मोक्षम् (icchāmi kālena na yasya viplavastasyātmalokāvaraṇasya mokṣam) Bhāgavata 8.3.25.

14) Recompense (phala); अग्नावेव देवेषु लोकमिच्छन्ते (agnāveva deveṣu lokamicchante) Bṛ. Up.1.4.15.

15) An object of enjoyment (bhogyavastu); अथो अयं वा आत्मा सर्वेषां भूतानां लोकः (atho ayaṃ vā ātmā sarveṣāṃ bhūtānāṃ lokaḥ) Bṛ. Up 1.4.16.

16) Sight, the faculty of seeing (cakṣurindriya); अग्निर्लोकः (agnirlokaḥ) Bṛ. Up.3.9. 1.

17) An object of sense (viṣaya); उपपत्त्योपलब्धेषु लोकेषु च समो भव (upapattyopalabdheṣu lokeṣu ca samo bhava) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 12.288.11. (In compounds loka is often translated by 'universally', 'generally', 'popularly'; as lokavijñāta so °vidviṣṭa).

Derivable forms: lokaḥ (लोकः).

Bala (बल).—[bal-ac]

1) Strength, power, might, vigour; क्षत्त्रियाणां बलं युद्धम् (kṣattriyāṇāṃ balaṃ yuddham) Brav. P.

2) Force, violence; as in बलात् (balāt) q. v.

3) An army, host, forces, troops; भवेदभीष्म- मद्रोणं धृतराष्ट्रबलं कथम् (bhavedabhīṣma- madroṇaṃ dhṛtarāṣṭrabalaṃ katham) Ve.3.24,43; बलं भीष्मा (balaṃ bhīṣmā)(bhīmā)भिरक्षितम् (bhirakṣitam) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 1.1; R.16.37.

4) Bulkiness, stoutness (of the body).

5) Body, figure, shape.

6) Semen virile.

7) Blood,

8) Gum myrrh.

9) A shoot, sprout.

1) Force or power of articulation; वर्णः स्वरः । मात्रा बलम् । साम संतानः । इत्युक्तः शीक्षाध्यायः (varṇaḥ svaraḥ | mātrā balam | sāma saṃtānaḥ | ityuktaḥ śīkṣādhyāyaḥ) T. Up.1.2.1.

11) The deity of power (such as Indra); नमो बलप्रमथनाय (namo balapramathanāya) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 12.284. 94.

12) The hand; क्रान्ते विष्णुर्बले शक्रः कोष्ठेऽग्निर्भोक्तुमिच्छति (krānte viṣṇurbale śakraḥ koṣṭhe'gnirbhoktumicchati) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 12.239.8.

13) Effort (yatna); विधिः शुक्रं बलं चेति त्रय एते गुणाः परे (vidhiḥ śukraṃ balaṃ ceti traya ete guṇāḥ pare) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 12.32.11 (com. balaṃ vāsanāviṣayaprāptyanu- kūlo yatnaḥ). (balena means 'on the strength of', 'by means or virtue of'; bāhubalena jitaḥ, vīryabalena &c.; balāt 'perforce', 'forcibly', 'violently', 'against one's will'; balānnidrā samāyātā Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1; hṛdayamadaye tasminnevaṃ punarvalate balāt Gītagovinda 7.).

-laḥ 1 A crow; Rām.6.54.9.

2) Name of the elder brother of Kṛṣṇa; see बलराम (balarāma) below.

3) Name of a demon killed by Indra.

Derivable forms: balam (बलम्).

Karman (कर्मन्).—-m. Viśvakarmā; शक्रस्य नु सभा दिव्या भास्वरा कर्मनिर्मिता (śakrasya nu sabhā divyā bhāsvarā karmanirmitā) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 2.7.1. -n. [कृ-मनिन् (kṛ-manin) Uṇādi-sūtra 4.144]

1) Action, work, deed.

2) Execution, performance; प्रीतोऽस्मि सोऽहं यद् भुक्तं वनं तैः कृतकर्मभिः (prīto'smi so'haṃ yad bhuktaṃ vanaṃ taiḥ kṛtakarmabhiḥ) Rām.5.63.3.

3) Business, office, duty; संप्रति विषवैद्यानां कर्म (saṃprati viṣavaidyānāṃ karma) M.4.

4) A religious rite (it may be either nitya, naimittika or kāmya).

5) A specific action, moral duty.

6) (a) Performance of religious rites as opposed to speculative religion or knowledge of Brahman (opp. jñāna); अपरो दहृने स्वकर्मणां ववृते (aparo dahṛne svakarmaṇāṃ vavṛte) R.8.2. (b) Labour, work.

7) Product, result.

8) A natural or active property (as support of the earth).

9) Fate, the certain consequence of acts done in a former life; कर्मायत्तं फलं पुंसां बुद्धिः कर्मानुसारिणी (karmāyattaṃ phalaṃ puṃsāṃ buddhiḥ karmānusāriṇī) Bhartṛhari 2.89,94.

1) (In gram.) The object of of an action; कर्तुरीप्सिततमं कर्म (karturīpsitatamaṃ karma) P.I.4.49.

11) (In Vaiś. Phil.) Motion considered as one of the seven categories of things; (thus defined:-- ekadravyamaguṇaṃ saṃyogavibhāgeṣvanapekṣakāraṇaṃ karma Vaiś. Sūtra. (It is five-fold:-utkṣepaṇaṃ tato'vakṣepaṇamākuñcanaṃ tathā | prasāraṇaṃ ca gamanaṃ karmāṇyetāni pañca ca || Bhāṣā P.6.)

12) Organ of sense. प्रजापतिर्ह कर्माणि ससृजे (prajāpatirha karmāṇi sasṛje) Bṛ. Up.1.5.21.

13) Organ of action; कर्माणि कर्मभिः कुर्वन् (karmāṇi karmabhiḥ kurvan) Bhāgavata 11.3.6.

14) (In Astr.) The tenth lunar mansion.

15) Practice, training; सर्वेषां कर्मणा वीर्यं जवस्तेजश्च वर्धते (sarveṣāṃ karmaṇā vīryaṃ javastejaśca vardhate) Kau. A.2.2.

Agni (अग्नि).—[aṅgati ūrdhvaṃ gacchati aṅg-ni,nalopaśca Uṇādi-sūtra 4.5., or fr. añc 'to go.']

1) Fire कोप°, चिन्ता°, शोक°, ज्ञान°, राज° (kopa°, cintā°, śoka°, jñāna°, rāja°), &c.

2) The God of fire.

3) Sacrificial fire of three kinds (gārhapatya, āhavanīya and dakṣiṇa); पिता बै गार्हपत्योऽ ग्निर्माताग्निर्दक्षिणः स्मृतः । गुरुराहवनीयस्तु साग्नित्रेता गरीयसी (pitā bai gārhapatyo' gnirmātāgnirdakṣiṇaḥ smṛtaḥ | gururāhavanīyastu sāgnitretā garīyasī) || Ms. 2.232.

4) The fire of the stomach, digestive faculty, gastric fluid.

5) Bile (nābherūrdhva hṛdayādadhastādāmāśayamācakṣate tadgataṃ sauraṃ tejaḥ pittam ityācakṣate).

6) Cauterization (agni- karman).

7) Gold.

8) The number three. शराग्निपरिमाणम् (śarāgniparimāṇam) (pañcatriṃśat) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 13.17.26.

9) Name of various plants: (a) चित्रक (citraka) Plumbago Zeylanica; (b) रक्तचित्रक (raktacitraka); (c) भल्लातक (bhallātaka) Semicarpus Anacardium; (d) निम्बक (nimbaka) Citrus Acida.

1) A mystical substitute for the letter र् (r). In Dvandva comp. as first member with names of deities, and with particular words अग्नि (agni) is changed to अग्ना (agnā), as °विष्णू, °मरुतौ (viṣṇū, °marutau), or to अग्नी, °पर्जन्यौ, ° वरुणौ, °षोमौ (agnī, °parjanyau, ° varuṇau, °ṣomau)

11) पिङगला नाडी (piṅagalā nāḍī); यत्र तद् ब्रह्म निर्द्वन्द्वं यत्र सोमः (yatra tad brahma nirdvandvaṃ yatra somaḥ), (iḍā) सहाग्निना (sahāgninā) (agniḥ piṅgalā) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 14.2.1.

12) Sacrificial altar, अग्निकुण्ड (agnikuṇḍa) cf. Rām. 1.14.28.

13) Sky. अग्निर्मूर्धा (agnirmūrdhā) Muṇḍ 2.1.4. [cf. L. ignis.]

[Agni is the God of Fire, the Ignis of the Latins and Ogni of the Slavonians. He is one of the most prominent deities of the Ṛgveda. He, as an immortal, has taken up his abode among mortals as their guest; he is the domestic priest, the successful accomplisher and protector of all ceremonies; he is also the religious leader and preceptor of the gods, a swift messenger employed to announce to the immortals the hymns and to convey to them the oblations of their worshippers, and to bring them down from the sky to the place of sacrifice. He is sometimes regarded as the mouth and the tongue through which both gods and men participate in the sacrifices. He is the lord, protector and leader of people, monarch of men, the lord of the house, friendly to mankind, and like a father, mother, brother &c. He is represented as being produced by the attrition of two pieces of fuel which are regarded as husband and wife. Sometimes he is considered to have been brought down from heaven or generated by Indra between two clouds or stones, created by Dyau, or fashioned by the gods collectively. In some passages he is represented as having a triple existence, which may mean his threefold manifestations as the sun in heaven, lightning in the atmosphere, and as ordinary fire on the earth, although the three appearances are also elsewhere otherwise explained. His epithets are numberless and for the most part descriptive of his physical characteristics : धूमकेतु, हुतभुज्, शुचि, रोहिताश्व, सप्तजिह्व, तोमरधर, घृतान्न, चित्रभानु, ऊर्ध्वशोचिस्, शोचिष्केश, हरिकेश, हिरण्यदन्त, अयोदंष्ट्र (dhūmaketu, hutabhuj, śuci, rohitāśva, saptajihva, tomaradhara, ghṛtānna, citrabhānu, ūrdhvaśocis, śociṣkeśa, harikeśa, hiraṇyadanta, ayodaṃṣṭra) &c. In a celebrated passage he is said to have 4 horns, 3 feet, 2 heads, and 7 hands. The highest divine functions are ascribed to Agni. He is said to have spread out the two worlds and produced them, to have supported heaven, formed the mundane regions and luminaries of heaven, to have begotten Mitra and caused the sun to ascend the sky. He is the head and summit of the sky, the centre of the earth. Earth, Heaven and all beings obey his commands. He knows and sees all worlds or creatures and witnesses all their actions. The worshippers of Agni prosper, they are wealthy and live long. He is the protector of that man who takes care to bring him fuel. He gives him riches and no one can overcome him who sacrifices to this god. He confers, and is the guardian of, immortality. He is like a water-trough in a desert and all blessing issue from him. He is therefore constantly supplicated for all kinds of boons, riches, food, deliverance from enemies and demons, poverty, reproach, childlessness, hunger &c. Agni is also associated with Indra in different hymns and the two gods are said to be twin brothers. Such is the Vedic conception of Agni; but in the course of mythological personifications he appears as the eldest son of Brahmā and is called Abhimānī [Viṣṇu Purāṇa]. His wife was Svāhā; by her, he had 3 sons Pāvaka, Pavamāna and Śuchi; and these had forty-five sons; altogether 49 persons who are considered identical with the 49 fires. He is also represented as a son of Aṅgiras, as a king of the Pitṛs or Manes, as a Marut and as a grandson of Śāṇḍila, and also as a star. The Harivaṃśa describes him as clothed in black, having smoke for his standard and head-piece and carrying a flaming javelin. He is borne in a chariot drawn by red horses and the 7 winds are the wheels of his car. He is accompanied by a ram and sometimes he is represented as riding on that animal. Agni was appointed by Brahamā as the sovereign of the quarter between the south and east, whence the direction is still known as Āgneyī. The Mahābhārata represents Agni as having exhausted his vigour and become dull by devouring many oblations at the several sacrifices made by king Śvetaki, but he recruited his strength by devouring the whole Khāṇḍava forest; for the story see the word खाण्डव (khāṇḍava)].

Derivable forms: agniḥ (अग्निः).

Putra (पुत्र).—

1) A son; (the word is thus derived:-punnāmno narakād yasmāt trāyate pitaraṃ sutaḥ | tasmāt putra iti proktaḥ svayameva svayaṃbhuvā || Manusmṛti 9.138; the word, therefore, should be strictly written puttraḥ).

2) A child, young one of an animal.

3) A dear child (a term of endearment in addressing young persons).

4) (At the end of comp.) Anything little or small of its kind; as in असिपुत्रः, शिलापुत्रः (asiputraḥ, śilāputraḥ) &c.

5) (Astrol.) The fifth mansion from जन्मलग्न (janmalagna).

-trau (du.) A son and daughter.

Derivable forms: putraḥ (पुत्रः).

Manas (मनस्).—n. [manyate'nena man karaṇe asun]

1) The mind, heart, understanding, perception, intelligence; as in सुमनस्, दुमर्नस् (sumanas, dumarnas) &c.

2) (In phil.) The mind or internal organ of perception and cognition, the instrument by which objects of sense affect the soul; (in Nyāya phil. manas is regarded as a Dravya or substance, and is distinct from ātman or the soul); तदेव सुखदुःखाद्युपलब्धि- साधनमिन्द्रियं प्रतिजीवं भिन्नमणु नित्यं च (tadeva sukhaduḥkhādyupalabdhi- sādhanamindriyaṃ pratijīvaṃ bhinnamaṇu nityaṃ ca) Tarka K.

3) Conscience, the faculty of discrimination or judgment.

4) Thought, idea, fancy, imagination, conception; पश्यन्न- दूरान्मनसाप्यधृष्यम् (paśyanna- dūrānmanasāpyadhṛṣyam) Kumārasambhava 3.51; R.2.27; कायेन वाचा मनसापि शश्वत् (kāyena vācā manasāpi śaśvat) 5.5; मनसापि न विप्रियं मया (manasāpi na vipriyaṃ mayā) (kṛtapūrvam) 8.52.

5) Design, purpose, intention.

6) Will, wish, desire, inclination; in this sense मनस् (manas) is frequently used with the infinitive form with the final म् (m) dropped, and forms adjectives; अयं जनः प्रष्टुमनास्तपोधने (ayaṃ janaḥ praṣṭumanāstapodhane) Kumārasambhava 5.4; cf. काम (kāma).

7) Reflection (dhyāna); मनसा जपैः प्रणतिभिः प्रयतः समुपेयिवानधिपतिं स दिवः (manasā japaiḥ praṇatibhiḥ prayataḥ samupeyivānadhipatiṃ sa divaḥ) Kirātārjunīya 6.22.

8) Disposition, temper, mood.

9) Spirit, energy, mettle; मनोवीर्यवरोत्सिक्तमसृण्यमकुतोभयम् (manovīryavarotsiktamasṛṇyamakutobhayam) Bhag.3. 17.22.

1) Name of the lake called Mānasa.

11) Breath or living soul.

12) Desire, longing after. (manasā gam &c. to think of, contemplate, remember; jagāma manasā rāmaṃ dharmajño dharmakāṅkṣayā Rām.2.82.9; (agamat) मनसा कार्यसंसिद्धौ त्वरादिगुणरंहसा (manasā kāryasaṃsiddhau tvarādiguṇaraṃhasā) Kumārasambhava 2.63; मनः कृ (manaḥ kṛ) to fix the mind upon, direct the thoughts towards, with dat. or loc.; मनो बन्ध् (mano bandh) to fix the heart or affection upon; (abhilāṣe) मनो बबन्धान्यरसान् विलङ्ध्य सा (mano babandhānyarasān vilaṅdhya sā) R.3.4; मनः समाधा (manaḥ samādhā) to collect oneself; मनसि उद्भू (manasi udbhū) to cross the mind; मनसि कृ (manasi kṛ) to think, to bear in mind; to resolve, determine, think of.) N. B. In comp. मनस् (manas) is changed to मनो (mano) before अ (a) and soft consonants, as मनोऽनुग, मनोज्ञ, मनोहर (mano'nuga, manojña, manohara) &c.).

Puruṣa (पुरुष).—[puri dehe śete śī-ḍa pṛṣo° Tv.; pur-agragamane kuṣan Uṇādi-sūtra 4.74]

1) A male being, man; अर्थतः पुरुषो नारी या नारी सार्थतः पुमान् (arthataḥ puruṣo nārī yā nārī sārthataḥ pumān) Mṛcchakaṭika 3.27; Manusmṛti 1.32;7.17;9.2; R.2.41.

2) Men, mankind.

3) A member or representative of a generation.

4) An officer, functionary, agent, attendant, servant.

5) The height or measure of a man (considered as a measure of length); द्वौ पुरुषौ प्रमाणमस्य सा द्विपुरुषा-षी परिखा (dvau puruṣau pramāṇamasya sā dvipuruṣā-ṣī parikhā) Sk.

6) The soul; द्वाविमौ पुरुषौ लोके क्षरश्चाक्षर एव च (dvāvimau puruṣau loke kṣaraścākṣara eva ca) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 15.16 &c.

7) The Supreme Being, God (soul of the universe); पुरातनं त्वां पुरुषं पुराविदः (purātanaṃ tvāṃ puruṣaṃ purāvidaḥ) (viduḥ) Śiśupālavadha 1.33; R.13.6.

8) A person (in grammar); प्रथम- पुरुषः (prathama- puruṣaḥ) the third person, मध्यमपुरुषः (madhyamapuruṣaḥ) the second person, and उत्तमपुरुषः (uttamapuruṣaḥ) the first person, (this is the strict order in Sk.).

9) The pupil of the eye.

1) (In Sāṅ. phil.) The soul (opp. prakṛti); according to the Sāṅkhyas it is neither a production nor productive; it is passive and a looker-on of the Prakṛti; cf. त्वामामनन्ति प्रकृतिं पुरुषार्थप्रवर्तिनीम् (tvāmāmananti prakṛtiṃ puruṣārthapravartinīm) Kumārasambhava 2.13 and the word सांख्य (sāṃkhya) also.

11) The soul, the original source of the universe (described in the puruṣasūkta); सहस्रशीर्षः पुरुषः सहस्राक्षः सहस्रपात् (sahasraśīrṣaḥ puruṣaḥ sahasrākṣaḥ sahasrapāt) &c.

12) The Punnāga tree.

13) Name of the first, third, fifth, seventh, ninth, and eleventh signs of the zodiac.

14) The seven divine or active principles of which the universe was formed; तेषामिदं तु सप्तानां पुरुषाणां महौजसाम् (teṣāmidaṃ tu saptānāṃ puruṣāṇāṃ mahaujasām) Manusmṛti 1.19.

-ṣī A woman.

-ṣam An epithet of the mountain Meru.

Derivable forms: puruṣaḥ (पुरुषः).

Kāma (काम).—[kam-ghañ]

1) Wish, desire; संतानकामाय (saṃtānakāmāya) R.2.65, 3.67; oft. used with the inf. form; गन्तुकामः (gantukāmaḥ) desirous to go; संगात्संजायते कामः (saṃgātsaṃjāyate kāmaḥ) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 2.62; Manusmṛti 2.94.

2) Object of desire; सर्वान् कामान् समश्नुते (sarvān kāmān samaśnute) Manusmṛti 2.5; Bṛ. Up.1.3.28. Kaṭh. Up.1.25.

3) Affection, love.

4) Love or desire of sensual enjoyments, considered as one of the ends of life (puruṣārtha); cf. अर्थ (artha) and अर्थकाम (arthakāma).

5) Desire of carnal gratification, lust; Manusmṛti 2.214; न मय्यावेशितधियां कामः कामाय कल्पते (na mayyāveśitadhiyāṃ kāmaḥ kāmāya kalpate) Bhāgavata 1.22.26.

6) The god of love.

7) Name of Pradyumna.

8) Name of Balarāma.

9) A kind of mango tree.

1) The Supreme Being.

-mā Desire, wish; उवाच च महासर्पं कामया ब्रूहि पन्नग (uvāca ca mahāsarpaṃ kāmayā brūhi pannaga) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 3.179.2.

-mam 1 Object of desire.

2) Semen virile. [Kāma is the Cupid of the Hindu mythologythe son of Kṛṣṇa and Rukmiṇī. His wife is Rati. When the gods wanted a commander for their forces in their war with Tāraka, they sought the aid of Kāma in drawing the mind of Śiva towards Pārvatī, whose issue alone could vanquish the demon. Kāma undertook the mission; but Śiva, being offended at the disturbance of his penance, burnt him down with the fire of his third eye. Subsequently he was allowed by Śiva to be born again in the form of Pradyumna at the request of Rati. His intimate friend is Vasanta or the spring; and his son is Aniruddha. He is armed with a bow and arrows--the bow-string being a line of bees, and arrows of flowers of five different plants].

Derivable forms: kāmaḥ (कामः).

Nara (नर).—[nṝ-naye-ac]

1) A man, male person; संयोजयति विद्यैव नीचगापि नरं सरित् । समुद्रमिव दुर्धर्षं नृपं भाग्यमतः परम् (saṃyojayati vidyaiva nīcagāpi naraṃ sarit | samudramiva durdharṣaṃ nṛpaṃ bhāgyamataḥ param) || H. Pr.5; Manusmṛti 1.96;2.213.

2) A man or piece at chess.

3) The pin of a sun-dial.

4) The Supreme Spirit, the original or eternal man.

5) Man's length (= puruṣa. q. v.).

6) Name of a primitive sage.

7) Name of Arjuna; see नरनारायण (naranārāyaṇa) below.

8) A horse.

9) (In gram.) A personal termination.

1) The individual soul (jīvātmā); Mahābhārata (Bombay) 12.28.5.

Derivable forms: naraḥ (नरः).

Indra (इन्द्र).—[ind-ran; indatīti indraḥ; idi aiśvarye Malli.]

1) The lord of gods.

2) The god of rain, rain; cloud; इन्द्रो वरुणः सोमो रुद्रः । शं न इन्द्रो बृहस्पतिः (indro varuṇaḥ somo rudraḥ | śaṃ na indro bṛhaspatiḥ) Tait. Vp.1.1.1. Bṛ. Up.1.4.11.

3) A lord or ruler (as of men &c.). इन्द्रो- मायाभिः पुरुरूप ईयते (indro- māyābhiḥ pururūpa īyate) Bṛ. Up.2.5.19. first or best (of any class of objects), always as the last member of comp.; नरेन्द्रः (narendraḥ) a lord of men i. e. a king; so मृगेन्द्रः (mṛgendraḥ) a lion; गजेन्द्रः (gajendraḥ) the lord or chief of elephants; so योगीन्द्रः, कपीन्द्रः (yogīndraḥ, kapīndraḥ).

4) A prince, king.

5) The pupil of the right eye.

6) Name of the plant कुटज (kuṭaja).

7) Night.

8) One of the divisions of भारतवर्ष (bhāratavarṣa).

9) Name of the 26th Yoga.

1) The human or animal soul.

11) A vegetable poison.

12) The Yoga star in the 26th Nakṣatra.

13) Greatness.

14) The five objects of senses.

-drā 1 The wife of Indra, Indrāṇī.

2) Name of a plant (marubaka Mar. maravā)

Derivable forms: indraḥ (इन्द्रः).

Brahman (ब्रह्मन्).—n. [bṛṃh-manin nakārasyākāre ṛto ratvam; cf. Uṇādi-sūtra 4.145.]

1) The Supreme Being, regarded as impersonal and divested of all quality and action; (according to the Vedāntins, Brahman is both the efficient and the material cause of the visible universe, the all-pervading soul and spirit of the universe, the essence from which all created things are produced and into which they are absorbed; asti tāvannityaśuddhabuddhamuktasvabhāvaṃ sarvajñaṃ sarvaśaktisamanvitaṃ brahma Ś. B.); ... यत्प्रयन्त्यभिसंविशन्ति । तद् विजिज्ञा- सस्व । तद् ब्रह्मेति (yatprayantyabhisaṃviśanti | tad vijijñā- sasva | tad brahmeti) Tai. Up.3.1; समीभूता दृष्टिस्त्रिभुवनमपि ब्रह्म मनुते (samībhūtā dṛṣṭistribhuvanamapi brahma manute) Bhartṛhari 3.84; Kumārasambhava 3.15; दर्शनं तस्य लाभः स्यात् त्वं हि ब्रह्ममयो निधिः (darśanaṃ tasya lābhaḥ syāt tvaṃ hi brahmamayo nidhiḥ) Mb.

2) A hymn of praise.

3) A sacred text; मैवं स्याद् ब्रह्मविक्रिया (maivaṃ syād brahmavikriyā) Bhāgavata 9.1.17.

4) The Vedas; ब्रह्मणः प्रणवं कुर्यात् (brahmaṇaḥ praṇavaṃ kuryāt) Manusmṛti 2.74; यद् ब्रह्म सम्यगाम्नातम् (yad brahma samyagāmnātam) Kumārasambhava 6.16; Uttararāmacarita 1.15; समस्तवदनोद्गीतब्रह्मणे ब्रह्मणे नमः (samastavadanodgītabrahmaṇe brahmaṇe namaḥ) Bm.1.1; Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 3.15.

5) The sacred and mystic syllable om; एकाक्षरं परं ब्रह्म (ekākṣaraṃ paraṃ brahma) Manusmṛti 2.83.

6) The priestly of Brahmanical class (collectively); तदेतद् ब्रह्म क्षत्रं विट् शूद्रः (tadetad brahma kṣatraṃ viṭ śūdraḥ) Bṛ. Up.1.4.15; ब्रह्मैव संनियन्तृ स्यात् क्षत्रं हि ब्रह्मसंभवम् (brahmaiva saṃniyantṛ syāt kṣatraṃ hi brahmasaṃbhavam) Manusmṛti 9.32.

7) The power or energy of a Brāhmaṇa; पवनाग्निसमागमो ह्ययं सहितं ब्रह्म यदस्त्रतेजसा (pavanāgnisamāgamo hyayaṃ sahitaṃ brahma yadastratejasā) R.8.4.

8) Religious penance or austerities.

9) Celibacy, chastity; शाश्वते ब्रह्मणि वर्तते (śāśvate brahmaṇi vartate) Ś.1.

1) Final emancipation or beatitude.

11) Theology, sacred learning, religious knowledge.

12) The Brāhmaṇa portion of the Veda.

13) Wealth.

14) Food.

15) A Brāhmaṇa.

16) Truth.

17) The Brāhmaṇahood (brāhmaṇatva); येन विप्लावितं ब्रह्म वृषल्यां जायतात्मना (yena viplāvitaṃ brahma vṛṣalyāṃ jāyatātmanā) Bhāgavata 6.2.26.

18) The soul (ātmā); एतदेषां ब्रह्म (etadeṣāṃ brahma) Bṛ. Up.1.6.1-3.

19) See ब्रह्मास्त्र (brahmāstra). अब्राह्मणे न हि ब्रह्म ध्रुवं तिष्ठेत् कदाचन (abrāhmaṇe na hi brahma dhruvaṃ tiṣṭhet kadācana) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 12.3.31.

2) The गायत्री (gāyatrī) mantra; उभे सन्ध्ये च यतवाग्जपन् ब्रह्म समाहितः (ubhe sandhye ca yatavāgjapan brahma samāhitaḥ) Bhāgavata 7. 12.2. -m.

1) The Supreme Being, the Creator, the first deity of the sacred Hindu Trinity, to whom is entrusted the work of creating the world. [The accounts of the creation of the world differ in many respects; but, according to Manu Smṛti, the universe was enveloped in darkness, and the self-existent Lord manifested himself dispelling the gloom. He first created the waters and deposited in them a seed. This seed became a golden egg, in which he himself was born as Brahmā-the progenitor of all the worlds. Then the Lord divided the egg into two parts, with which he constructed heaven and earth. He then created the ten Prajāpatis or mind-born sons who completed the work of creation. According to another account (Rāmāyaṇa) Brahmā sprang from ether; from him was descended marīchi, and his son was Kaśyapa. From Kaśyapa sprang Vivasvata, and Manu sprang from him. Thus Manu was the procreator of all human beings. According to a third account, the Supreme deity, after dividing the golden egg, separated himself into two parts, male and female, from which sprang Virāj and from him Manu; cf. Kumārasambhava 2.7. and Manusmṛti 1.32 et seq. Mythologically Brahman is represented as being born in a lotus which sprang from the navel of Viṣṇu, and as creating the world by an illicit connection with his own daughter Sarasvatī. Brahman had originally five heads, but one of them was cut down by Śiva with the ring-finger or burnt down by the fire from his third eye. His vehicle is a swan. He has numerous epithets, most of which have reference to his birth, in a lotus.]

2) A Brāhmaṇa; Ś.4.4.

3) A devout man.

4) One of the four Ritvijas or priests employed at a Soma sacrifice.

5) One conversant with sacred knowledge.

6) The sun.

7) Intellect.

8) An epithet of the seven Prajāpatis :-मरीचि, अत्रि, अङ्गिरस्, पुलस्त्य, पुलह, क्रतु (marīci, atri, aṅgiras, pulastya, pulaha, kratu) and वसिष्ठ (vasiṣṭha).

9) An epithet of Bṛhaspati; ब्रह्मन्नध्ययनस्य नैष समयस्तूष्णीं बहिः स्थीयताम् (brahmannadhyayanasya naiṣa samayastūṣṇīṃ bahiḥ sthīyatām) Hanumannāṭaka.

1) The planet Jupiter; ब्रह्मराशिं समावृत्य लोहिताङ्गो व्यवस्थितः (brahmarāśiṃ samāvṛtya lohitāṅgo vyavasthitaḥ) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 3.6.18.

11) The world of Brahmā (brahmaloka); दमस्त्यागो- ऽप्रमादश्च ते त्रयो ब्रह्मणो हयाः (damastyāgo- 'pramādaśca te trayo brahmaṇo hayāḥ) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 11.7.23.

1) Of Śiva.

Rūpa (रूप).—a. = अनुरूप (anurūpa) q. v. (शक्तीश्च (śaktīśca) ... करवालांश्च (karavālāṃśca) ... स्वदेहरूपाण्यादाय गदाश्चोग्रप्रदर्शनाः (svadeharūpāṇyādāya gadāścograpradarśanāḥ) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 1.3.49.